Simplifying license attribution for OER with emacs-reveal
(Press ? for help, n and p for next and previous slide)
Motivation
Reality check
- Suppose you give a talk about OER
- You find the “OER Global Logo”
You decide to include it
“OER Global Logo” by Jonathasmello under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported; from Wikimedia Commons
- You identify Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) as applicable license terms
- How to locate and include attribution information demanded by license?
Incomplete rules of thumb
TASL by Creative Commons
“licensing” by Ralf Schmitzer under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
- Title, author, source, license
- TULLU in Germany
- Titel, Urheber*in, Lizenz, Link, Ursprungsort
- Licensees must also indicate modifications, reproduce copyright notices and disclaimers
Major challenge
Incomplete and inconsistent source information
“Puzzle” by Kelcey Hurst under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
E.g., OER Global logo above
- No title but author information at Wikimedia Commons
- Conflicting title and author information in logo manual
First page, Global OER Logo
2012, Jonathas Mello www.jonathasmello.com
Last page, OER Global Logo
Jonathas Mello
- Apparently, manual copying of license information by licensees
not feasible
- Textual specification by licensors neither
- Identifying provenance and attribution is among the most time-consuming factors for OER projects [FLGB16]
OER presentations with emacs-reveal
Emacs-reveal is software to generate HTML presentations
“lecture” by LUTFI GANI AL ACHMAD under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
With proper license attribution for images
“licensing” by Ralf Schmitzer under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
- Human-readable, e.g., images on this slide
- Machine-readable with RDFa (in HTML source code)
- Based on
Background
OER - What?
- Open Educational Resources (OER)
“OER Global Logo” by Jonathasmello under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported; from Wikimedia Commons
- In addition to license requirements, also technical requirements
OER - Why?
- Global perspective: SDG4,
world peace
“Open Educational Resources (OER) support quality education that is equitable, inclusive, open and participatory.” [Une17]
“probate” by Nithinan Tatah under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“experience” by Nithinan Tatah under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“Sharing” by pongsakorn under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“Peace” by Yu luck under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
Other reasons
“Productivity” by Template under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“expert” by pongsakorn under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“Modify” by Piotrek Chuchla under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“dialogue” by Template under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“Wisdom” by pongsakorn under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
General movement for freedom and transparency
“Transparency” by Wichai Wi under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
- Open Access, Open Data, Open Education, Open Science, (Free/Libre and) Open Source Software
Emacs-reveal
- Free/libre and open source software
(FLOSS) to create OER presentations [Lec19b]
- (FLOSS: 4 freedoms, similar to 5 Rs above, but going back to 1980s [Sta86])
HTML slideshows with audio explanations
“Online Resources” by LUTFI GANI AL ACHMAD under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
- To be viewed with standard Web browsers (platform independent), either on- or offline
- Features include
- Animations and slide transitions; speaker’s view with preview, notes, and timer; embedding of images, audio, video, mathematical formulas; table of contents; bibliography; keyword index; hyperlinks within and between presentations; themes for different styling; responsive design with touch support; quizzes for retrieval practice; code highlighting and evaluation for programming languages
- Contents separated from layout with lightweight markup language
Org mode
- Enables single sourcing [Roc01]
Enables collaboration with version control, e.g., Git
“Git Logo” by Jason Long under CC BY 3.0; from git-scm.com
Attribution with emacs-reveal
CC attribution requirements
- CC REL is a standard for machine-readable licensing information [AAL+12]
- As TASL and TULLU, CC REL is incomplete
- Emacs-reveal extends CC REL in pragmatic ways
| Requirement | CC REL | emacs-reveal |
|---|---|---|
|
Name creator(s) |
cc:attributionName, cc:attributionURL |
cc:attributionName, cc:attributionURL |
| Reproduce copyright notice | - | copyright |
| Reproduce license notice | license | licenseurl, licensetext |
|
Reproduce disclaimer of warranties |
- |
copyright, permit |
| Include hyperlink to OER | dc:source | dc:source, sourcetext |
| Indicate modifications | - | imgadapted |
| Indicate license | license | licenseurl, licensetext |
| - | dc:title | dc:title, imgalt |
| - | cc:morePermissions | permit |
Metadata for OER logo
- Sample metadata with license information
- Stored in text file Global_OER_Logo.svg.meta
- As part of my OER figure collection
- Stored in text file Global_OER_Logo.svg.meta
1: ; Semicolon starts comment until end of line (Emacs Lisp). 2: ; Lines 13-16 occur in comments; they illustrate available options. 3: 4: ((filename . "./figures/logos/Global_OER_Logo.svg.png") 5: (licenseurl . "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/") 6: (licensetext . "Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported") 7: (cc:attributionName . "Jonathasmello") 8: (cc:attributionURL . "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jonathasmello") 9: (dc:source . "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Open_Educational_Resources_Logo.svg") 10: (sourcetext . "Wikimedia Commons") 11: (dc:title . "OER Global Logo") 12: (texwidth . 0.2) 13: ; (imgalt . "If the title is not suitable as alt text.") 14: ; (imgadapted . "Indicate modifications/provenance.") 15: ; (permit . "Indicate special permissions/disclaimers.") 16: ; (copyright . "Reproduce copyright notice of source.") 17: )
Sample markup
Org mode source code for earlier slide
** OER - What? - *Open Educational Resources* (OER) #+ATTR_REVEAL: :frag (appear) - OER are “[[https://en.unesco.org/oer/paris-declaration][teaching, learning and research materials in any medium, digital or otherwise, that reside in the public domain or have been released under an open license that permits no-cost access, use, adaptation and redistribution by others with no or limited restrictions.]]” {{{reveallicense("./figures/logos/Global_OER_Logo.svg.meta","30vh")}}} #+ATTR_REVEAL: :frag appear - Usually, Creative Commons licensing - Permit 5 Rs of openness cite:Wil14,HWSJ10: /retain/, /reuse/, /redistribute/, /revise/, /remix/ - In addition to license requirements, also technical requirements - E.g., ALMS framework cite:HWSJ10, extended in cite:Lec19 - ([[#alms][Backup slides]]) - ([[#org-markup][Org source for this slide]])
- Note
- Simple markup, e.g.:
**for 2nd-level heading;-with indentation for nested lists;*and/for bold and italics- Citations to BibTeX bibliography with
cite, animations with:frag appear
- OER logo embedded with
reveallicense- Metadata of previous slide handled automatically
- Simple markup, e.g.:
- Note
Sample RDFa for OER logo (simplified)
1: <div about="Global_OER_Logo.svg.png" class="figure"> 2: <img src="Global_OER_Logo.svg.png" alt="OER Global Logo" /> 3: <span property="dc:title">OER Global Logo</span> 4: by <a rel="cc:attributionURL dc:creator" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jonathasmello" property="cc:attributionName">Jonathasmello</a> 5: under <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported</a>; 6: from <a rel="dc:source" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Open_Educational_Resources_Logo.svg">Wikimedia Commons</a> 7: </div>
“OER Global Logo” by Jonathasmello under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported; from Wikimedia Commons
(Hint: Inspect RDFa with browser extension OpenLink Structured Data Sniffer)
Conclusions
Spread the wOERd
- OER “support quality education that is equitable, inclusive, open
and participatory.” [Une17]
- CC licensing can provide freedom
- Emacs-reveal is a tool to create OER presentations and helps with licensing attribution
“probate” by Nithinan Tatah under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“experience” by Nithinan Tatah under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“Sharing” by pongsakorn under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“Peace” by Yu luck under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“Productivity” by Template under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“expert” by pongsakorn under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“Modify” by Piotrek Chuchla under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“dialogue” by Template under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
“Wisdom” by pongsakorn under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
A jOERney ahead
Emacs-reveal adds necessary metadata in pragmatic ways
- Further standardization?
- Aesthetics vs legal requirements?
- Your suggestions?
It’s your tOERn
Backup
License metadata
License information should be machine-readable
![licensing]()
“licensing” by Ralf Schmitzer under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
- Overcome above challenges
- Improve tool support in general
- Creative Commons Rights Expression Language (CC REL) [AAL+12]
RDF vocabulary to express (some) licensing aspects
![jigsaw puzzle]()
“jigsaw puzzle” by Magicon under CC BY 3.0 US; cropped from the Noun Project
- (See revisited)
- RDF: Resource description framework, semantic web approach [Hor08]
- Specify knowledge in triples: subject, predicate, object
- E.g., Jens is author of a specific document
- RDFa: Embedding of RDF into HTML
- Specify knowledge in triples: subject, predicate, object
ALMS framework
Criteria for OER software proposed in [HWSJ10]
| ALMS criterion | Examples | Counter examples |
|---|---|---|
|
Access to editing tools |
Free/Libre and Open Source Soft- ware (e.g., LaTeX, LibreOffice) |
Powerpoint Google Docs |
|
Level of expertise required to revise or remix |
Challenging topic … |
|
|
Meaningfully editable |
LaTeX, Org Mode (HTML) |
(Scanned) PDF, flash, video |
|
Source-file access |
LaTeX, Org Mode (HTML) |
PDF for LaTeX PDF for office presentation |
More requirements
- Extension of ALMS framework [Lec19]
- Requirements for “A”: Free/libre and open source software (FLOSS)
- FLOSS for learners, teachers, OER users and creators
- Platform independent
- Also mobile and offline
- Requirements for “M” and “S”: Single sourcing [Roc01]
- Single, collaboratively maintained source, no Copy&Paste
- Separation of contents and layout
- Source files with lightweight markup for collaboration with comparison and integration of versions
- Requirements for “A”: Free/libre and open source software (FLOSS)
- Emacs-reveal satisfies above requirements
OER infrastructure on GitLab
GitLab is a FLOSS DevOps platform
![GitLab Logo]()
“GitLab Logo” by GitLab under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; from gitlab.com
- Hosting emacs-reveal and my OER as GitLab Pages
- You could run your own instance if you preferred
- OER are re-generated upon source changes
GitLab CI/CD pipelines with Docker images
![Docker logo]()
“Docker logo” under Docker Brand Guidelines; from Docker
Bibliography
- [AAL+12] Abelson, Adida, Linksvayer & Yergler, CC REL: The Creative Commons Rights Expression Language, in: The digital public domain: foundations for an open culture, Open Book Publishers, 2012.
- [FLGB16] Falconer, Littlejohn, McGill & Beetham, Motives and tensions in the release of open educational resources: The UKOER program, Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 32(4), (2016).
- [Hor08] Horrocks, Ontologies and the Semantic Web, Commun. ACM 51(12), 58-67 (2008).
- [HWSJ10] Hilton, Wiley, Stein & Johnson, The four ‘R’s of openness and ALMS analysis: frameworks for open educational resources, Open Learning 25(1), 37-44 (2010).
- [Lec19] Lechtenbörger, Erstellung und Weiterentwicklung von Open Educational Ressources im Selbstversuch, MedienPädagogik 34, 101-117 (2019). https://doi.org/10.21240/mpaed/34/2019.03.02.X
- [Lec19b] Lechtenbörger, Emacs-reveal: A software bundle to create OER presentations, Journal of Open Source Education (JOSE) 2(18), (2019). https://doi.org/10.21105/jose.00050
- [Roc01] Rockley, The Impact of Single Sourcing and Technology, Technical Communication 48(2), 189-193 (2001).
- [Sta86] Stallman, What is the Free Software Foundation?, GNU's Bulletin 1(1), (1986). https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.html
- [Une17] UNESCO, Ljubljana OER Action Plan 2017, 2017. https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ljubljana_oer_action_plan_2017.pdf
- [Wil14] Wiley, The Access Compromise and the 5th R, 2014. https://opencontent.org/blog/archives/3221
License Information
Except where otherwise noted, this work, “Simplifying license attribution for OER with emacs-reveal”, is © 2019 by Jens Lechtenbörger, published under the Creative Commons license CC BY-SA 4.0.
In particular, trademark rights are not licensed under this license. Thus, rights concerning third party logos (e.g., on the title slide) and other (trade-) marks (e.g., “Creative Commons” itself) remain with their respective holders.
